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Saturday 31 January 2015

The effective federal funds rate charted over more than fifty years.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91


The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary Dealers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers. The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate, because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions.

Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve's dual mandates. Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security, sometimes called "Treasury bills" or more informally "T-bills" or "Treasuries". 

The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25% or 0.50% at a time.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations. The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25% or 0.50% at a time.

Federal funds rate and open market operations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate. This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds, which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed. This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed.

Reserve Requirements.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities.

Discount Rate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank's lending facility – the discount window.

What It's Like to Make More Than Your Husband.

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/sex-and-relationships/bread-winning-wives

When my now-husband Chris and I first met, I was a poor grad student who waited tables to make ends meet. My rent was ridiculously cheap, and thank goodness, because I had negative dollars to my name.
I eventually got a full-time office job, but the salary was so bad I had to work at a coffee shop on weekends to pay my bills. While I was working my way up the ladder, Chris already had a successful career as a chef—and his salary reflected it. He wasn't rolling in it, but he was definitely making more money than me. He never made a big deal about it, he just chipped in a little more than me sometimes on things like rent and utilities.
For the most part, Chris could care less that I make more, and he's always been supportive of my career. But occasionally he'll say things like "my job is important, too" when we're discussing something like who has to take time off when our son is sick and has to stay home from daycare. It breaks my heart that he would even think he has to say that.
I'm not alone. I'd say about 35 to 40 percent of my female friends are in the same boat, which reflects the national average (according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 2012, 38 percent of wives earn more than their husbands). Like our husbands, we don’t really care that we make more. But sometimes…little gripes come out.
"I just once want to go out and spend a crap-load of money on something silly, like designer boots," one investment banker friend of mine said. "If my husband made the same salary, I could. But I can't. I live like I make less money to balance out his lower salary."
One friend confessed to me that she's dreamed about what kind of life she'd have if her husband made the same or more than she did.

  "I could be a stay-at-home mom—not that I want that, but it would be nice to at least have the option."

The reality is, Chris does a ton of stuff that I can't be bothered to do. He takes care of all of our bills, car maintenance, and issues that pop up around the house without thinking twice. If it was left to me…we'd be in trouble. That alone is worth a ton of money.



The parchment-like skin is much like the skin of an Onion.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

The parchment-like skin is much like the skin of an onion, and is typically removed before using in raw or cooked form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in an oven

Garlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

Garlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of South and Central America. The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with oniontomato, or ginger.

12 Ways Motherhood Makes You Realize You Know Nothing About Anything.(8)

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/motherhood?cm_sp=Hotlist-_-Life-_-12WaysMotherhoodMakesYouRealizeYouKnowNothingAboutAnything


Who knew parenting would make you feel so dumb?

Onesie Snaps Are the Devil…
No matter how many times you dress your kid, you still miss a snap on the regular. 

Osteoporosis.

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/pelvic-fractures

Fractures of pubic rami with insignificant or minimal trauma, particularly in elderly patients, can be a presentation of osteoporosis. Consider other causes of pathological fracture in such cases.

Pelvic Fractures.

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/pelvic-fractures

Major pelvic fractures result from very high-energy trauma and require urgent hospital treatment. However, more minor, stable fractures may only require a period of rest and analgesia followed by gradual mobilisation.

Pelvic Fracture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture



                                                                       Classification and external resources

Epidemiology.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

About 10 percent of patients that seek treatment at a level 1 trauma center after a blunt force injury have a pelvic fracture.Motorcycle injuries are the most common cause of pelvic fractures, followed by injuries to pedestrians caused by motor vehicles, large falls (over 15 feet), and motor vehicle crashes.

Friday 30 January 2015

Mortality rates in patients with pelvic fractures are between 10 and 16 percent.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

 Prognosis
Mortality rates in patients with pelvic fractures are between 10 and 16 percent.However, death is typically due to associated trauma affecting other organs, such as the brain. Death rates due to complications directly related to pelvic fractures, such as bleeding, are relatively low.

Complications.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Complications are likely to result in cases of excess blood loss or punctures to certain organs, possibly leading to shock Swelling and bruising may result, more so in high-impact injuries.Pain in the affected areas may differ where severity of impact increases its likelihood and may radiate if symptoms are aggravated when one moves around.

Oral vitamin D supplements reduced the risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older people.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

There are a couple precautions that may decrease the risk of getting a pelvic fracture. One study that examined the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation found that oral vitamin D supplements reduced the risk of hip and nonvertebral fractures in older people. Certain types of equipment may help prevent pelvic fractures for the most at-risk groups.

This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal Organs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

This can be very dangerous because the pelvis supports many internal organs and can damage these organs. Other parts of the body such as the head and chest usually occur due to pelvic fractures. Falling is one of the most common causes of a pelvic fracture. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to prevent this from happening.

Pelvic fractures can be dangerous to one’s physical Health.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Prevention
Pelvic fractures can be dangerous to one’s physical health. As the human body ages, the bones become more weak and brittle and are therefore more susceptible to fractures. Certain precautions are crucial in order to lower the risk of getting pelvic fractures. The most damaging is one from a car accident, cycling accident, or falling from a high building which can result in a high energy injury.

Pelvic fractures that are treatable without surgery are treated with bed rest.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

 Rehabilitation
Pelvic fractures that are treatable without surgery are treated with bed rest. Once the fracture has healed enough, rehabilitation can be started with first standing upright with the help of a physical therapist, followed by starting to walk using a walker and eventually progressing to a cane.

Surgery is often required for pelvic Fractures.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Surgery
Surgery is often required for pelvic fractures. Many methods of pelvic stabilization are used including external fixation or internal fixation and traction.There are often other injuries associated with a pelvic fracture so the type of surgery involved must be thoroughly planned.

Pelvic Fracture (2).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture


Pelvic Fracture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture


Treatment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

A pelvic fracture is often complicated and treatment can be a long and painful process. Depending on the severity, pelvic fractures can be treated with or without surgery.

This may require surgical reconstruction before rehabilitation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Depending on the severity, this may require surgical reconstruction before rehabilitation.Forces from an anterior or posterior direction, like head-on car accidents, usually cause external rotation of the hemipelvis, an “open-book” injury. Open fractures have increased risk of infection and hemorrhaging from vessel injury, leading to higher mortality.

The left and right halves of the pelvis are separated at front and Rear.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

 In this kind of injury, the left and right halves of the pelvis are separated at front and rear, the front opening more than the rear, i.e. like an open book that falls to the ground and splits in the middle. 

Open book fracture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

One specific kind of pelvic fracture is known as an 'open book' fracture. This is often the result from a heavy impact to the groin (pubis), a common motorcycling accident injury. 

Combined mechanical injury (CMI).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

The most common force type, lateral compression (LC) forces, from side-impact automobile accidents and pedestrian injuries, can result in an internal rotation.The superior and inferior pubic rami may fracture anteriorly, for example. Injuries from shear forces, like falls from above, can result in disruption of ligaments or bones. When multiple forces occur, it is called combined mechanical injury (CMI).

Lateral compression (LC) fractures.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

 Lateral compression (LC) fractures involve transverse fractures of the pubic rami, either ipsilateral or contralateral to a posterior injury.
Grade I – Associated sacral compression on side of impact
Grade II – Associated posterior iliac ("crescent") fracture on side of impact
Grade III – Associated contralateral sacroiliac joint injury

The Young-Burgess classification system.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

The Young-Burgess classification system is based on mechanism of injury: anteroposterior compression type I, II and III, lateral compression types I, II and III, and vertical shear,or a combination of forces.

Type C injuries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Type C injuries are characterized by complete disruption of the posterior sacroiliac complex and are both rotationally and vertically unstable. These injuries are the result of great force, usually from a motor vehicle crash, fall from a height, or severe compression.

Type B injuries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Type B injuries are caused by either external or internal rotational forces resulting in partial disruption of the posterior sacroiliac complex. These are often unstable.

The Tile Classification System.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

The Tile classification system is based on the integrity of the posterior sacroiliac complex.
In type A injuries, the sacroiliac complex is intact. The pelvic ring has a stable fracture that can be managed nonoperatively.

Classification of Pelvic Fractures.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Pelvic fractures are most commonly described using one of two classification systems. The different forces on the pelvis result in different fractures. Sometimes they are determined based on stability or instability.

There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

Open market operations:-

Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities – the Federal Reserve's principal tool for implementing monetary policy. The Federal Reserve's objective for open market operations has varied over the years. During the 1980s, the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate (the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds, which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed), a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade.

This influences the economy through its effect on the quantity of reserves that banks use to make loans.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

This influences the economy through its effect on the quantity of reserves that banks use to make loans. Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money, credit, and the economy. Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction. The Fed's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit, avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth.

A summary of the basis and implementation of monetary policy is stated by the Federal Reserve:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

A summary of the basis and implementation of monetary policy is stated by the Federal Reserve:
The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks...By conducting open market operations, imposing reserve requirements, permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances, and extending credit through its discount window facility, the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate. Through its control of the federal funds rate, the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives.

The Federal Funds rate is a short-term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on directly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

The Federal Funds rate is a short-term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on directly. This rate ultimately affects the longer-term interest rates throughout the economy.

The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the Federal funds rate.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

Interbank lending is the basis of policy

The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the Federal funds rate, which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves. The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market but the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three "tools" of monetary policy described in the Tools section below.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-91

Monetary policy

The term "monetary policy" refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals. What happens to money and credit affects interest rates (the cost of credit) and the performance of an economy. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States.

Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

November 7, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the Board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the Late-2000s financial crisis.Bloomberg, L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court. The data was released on March 31, 2011.

Thursday 29 January 2015

Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the "skin" and root Cluster.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the "skin" and root cluster. The papery, protective layers of "skin" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in Korea immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact.The root cluster attached to the basal plate of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form.

When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic "round", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb.Additionally, the immature flower stalks (scapes) of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketed for uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries.

12 Ways Motherhood Makes You Realize You Know Nothing About Anything.(7)

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/motherhood?cm_sp=Hotlist-_-Life-_-12WaysMotherhoodMakesYouRealizeYouKnowNothingAboutAnything

Who knew parenting would make you feel so dumb?

You Don't Know Proper English
Despite speaking the language fluently for the majority of your life, you, uh, don't know what a preposition is. This may become a slight issue when it's English homework time.

Pelvic fractures are often associated with severe hemorrhage due to the extensive blood supply to the region.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Various muscles play important roles in pelvic stability.Because of the forces involved, pelvic fractures frequently involve injury to organs contained within the bony pelvis. In addition, trauma to extra-pelvic organs is common. Pelvic fractures are often associated with severe hemorrhage due to the extensive blood supply to the region.

The pubic bone, the ischium and the ilium make up the pelvic girdle, fused together as one unit.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

The pubic bone, the ischium and the ilium make up the pelvic girdle, fused together as one unit. They attach to both sides of the spine and circle around to create a ring and sockets to place hip joints. Attachment to the spine is important to direct force into the trunk from the legs as movement occurs, extending to one’s back.

The bony pelvis consists of the ilium (i.e., iliac wings), ischium, and Pubis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Pathophysiology
The bony pelvis consists of the ilium (i.e., iliac wings), ischium, and pubis, which form an anatomic ring with the sacrum. Disruption of this ring requires significant energy. When it comes to the stability and the structure of the pelvis, or pelvic girdle, understanding its function as support for the trunk and legs helps to recognize the effect a pelvic fracture has on someone.

After stabilisation, the pelvis may be surgically reconstructed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Diagnosis is made on the basis of history, clinical features and special investigations usually including X-ray and CT. Because the pelvis cradles so many internal organs, pelvic fractures may produce significant internal bleeding which is invisible to the eye. Emergency treatment consists ofadvanced trauma life support management. After stabilisation, the pelvis may be surgically reconstructed.

Pelvic fracture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_fracture

Pelvic fracture is a disruption of the bony structure of the pelvis, including the hip bonesacrum and coccyx. The most common cause in elderly is a fall, but the most significant fractures involve high-energy forces such as a motor vehicle accident, cycling accidents, or a fall from significant height. 

Diameters of pelvic inlet.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis


The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

The drying of the environment of East Africa in the period since the creation of the Red Sea and the African Rift Valley, saw open woodlands replace the previous closed canopy forest. The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country. This led to a number of complementary changes to the human pelvis. It is suggested that bipedalism was the result.

Evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

 Evolution
The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.

The pelvic girdle of the dinosaur Falcarius utahensis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis


In humans, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

Primates

In primates, the pelvis consists of four parts - the left and the right hip bones which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In humans, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed.

The relatively wide shape (front to back) of the Pelvis.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

 In addition to this, the relatively wide shape (front to back) of the pelvis provides greater leverage for the gluteus medius and minimus. These muscles are responsible for hip abduction which plays an integral role in upright balance.

The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

 In ambulatory mammals the acetabula are shallow and open to allow a wider range of hip movements, including significant abduction, than in cursorial mammals. The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important as they determine the moment arms for the hip extensor muscles that provide momentum during locomotion.

In bipedal mammals, the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac Joints.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

 In bipedal mammals, the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac joints, where in quadrupedal mammals they are parallel to the horizontally oriented sacroiliac joints. In heavy mammals, especially in quadrupeds, the pelvis tend to be more vertically oriented because this allows the pelvis to support greater weight without dislocating the sacroiliac joints or adding torsion to the vertebral column.

The pelvis girdle was present in early vertebrates.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis

The pelvis girdle was present in early vertebrates, and can be tracked back to the paired fins of fish that were some of the earliest chordates.The shape of the pelvis, most notably the orientation of the iliac crests and shape and depth of the acetabula, reflects the style of locomotion and body mass of an animal.

An octopus displaying its suckers with central cavity of Acetabulum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)



This provides greater suction on the flat surface; hence, making pressure incredibly low (-0.17 MPa, i.e. lower than vacuum).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

This precise mechanism of high flexibility even has a potential mechanical applications in robotics.Each sucker is a tactile sensor for detecting the surrounding. When the sucker attaches itself on an object, the infundibulum maily provides adhesion while the central acetabulum is quite free. This provides greater suction on the flat surface; hence, making pressure incredibly low (-0.17 MPa, i.e. lower than vacuum). This is why octopus grip is exceptionally firm. Then contraction of the radial muscle of the acetabulum causes detachment of the entire sucker.

The best studied acetabular activity is that of Octopus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Mollusc
Molluscans uses it for grasping substratum, catching prey and for locommotory accessory. The best studied acetabular activity is that of octopus. Octopus arms contains 200-300 independently controlled suckers that can grasp small objects and produce high adhesion forces on virtually any non-porous surface.

Fasciola Gigantica.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)


On the right, eyspot-like acetabulum of Fasciola gigantica.

It is sensory in nature consisting of type 2 sensory receptor.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

This in turn is done by successive attachment and detachment of the oral sucker and the acetabulum.In flukes it is used for penetrating the mucosal wall of the gastrointestinal tract for maintaining its parasitic habitat. It is sensory in nature consisting of type 2 sensory receptor, which is a smooth bulb-like non-ciliated papilla.

Acetabulum is essentially an organ of attachment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Function
Acetabulum is essentially an organ of attachment. In annelids, it is used for adherence to the substratum during a looping locomotion. Annelid worms such as leeches move by repeated alternating extensions and shortenings of the body.

Acetabulum of leech.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)


The acetabulum is speficially composed of radial muscles.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Both these structures are thick muscles, and the acetabulum is speficially composed of radial muscles. They are covered with chitinous cuticle to make a protective surface.

Acetabulum in molluscs is a circular hollow opening on the arms.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Mollusc
An octopus displaying its suckers with central cavity of acetabulum
Acetabulum in molluscs is a circular hollow opening on the arms. It occupies the central portion of the sucker and surrounded by a larger spherical cavity infundibulum.

Greater transparency is offered with more frequent disclosure and more Detail.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

As of August 27, 2012, the Federal Reserve Board began publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks. Reports are released every quarter.This is an expansion of prior financial reporting practices. Greater transparency is offered with more frequent disclosure and more detail.

Accountability.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

Accountability

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve banks, and the individual member banks undergo regular audits by the GAO and an outside auditor. GAO audits are limited and do not cover "most of the Fed’s monetary policy actions or decisions, including discount window lending (direct loans to financial institutions), open-market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee" ...[nor may the GAO audit] "dealings with foreign governments and other central banks."Various statutory changes, including the Federal Reserve Transparency Act, have been proposed to broaden the scope of the audits.

Member Banks.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

Member banks

According to the web site for the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, "[m]ore than one-third of U.S. commercial banks are members of the Federal Reserve System. National banks must be members; state chartered banks may join by meeting certain requirements."

Political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial (member) banks, political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that:-
... the "ownership" of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share, beyond the statutory dividend, in Reserve Bank "profits." ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance, despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates.

In Lewis v. United States,the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that:-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

In Lewis v. United States,the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that: "The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA [the Federal Tort Claims Act], but are independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations." The opinion went on to say, however, that: "The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes." Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City,in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks, which are federally created instrumentalities, and the Board of Governors, which is a federal agency.

The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax-exempt federally created instrumentalities.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks

The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status, with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies. The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax-exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government, but this interest is not proprietary.

In 2009, the Federal Reserve Banks distributed $1.4 billion in dividends to member banks and returned $47 billion to the U.S. Treasury.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System

The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department. In 2009, the Federal Reserve Banks distributed $1.4 billion in dividends to member banks and returned $47 billion to the U.S. Treasury.

Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as "green garlic".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as "green garlic".When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic "round", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb.

The leaves and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are sometimes eaten.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

Other parts of the garlic plant are also edible. The leaves and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are sometimes eaten. They are milder in flavor than the bulbs, and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. 

12 Ways Motherhood Makes You Realize You Know Nothing About Anything.(6)

http://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/motherhood?cm_sp=Hotlist-_-Life-_-12WaysMotherhoodMakesYouRealizeYouKnowNothingAboutAnything

Who knew parenting would make you feel so dumb?

Outwitting a Kid Is Kind of Tough
There is no legitimate reason why he should have to wear the new shoes you bought him beside the fact that they cost $40. You know that, and he does too. And…go!

In flatworms, Acetabulum is the ventral sucker situated towards the anterior part of the Body.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

 Trematode-
In flatworms, acetabulum is the ventral sucker situated towards the anterior part of the body, but behind the anterior oral sucker. It is composed of numerous spines for penetrating and gripping the host tissue. The location and structure of the acetabulum, and the pattern of the spine alignment are important diagnostic tool among trematode species.

In leeches, acetabulum refers to the prominent posterior sucker at the extreme end of the body.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Anelids- In leeches, acetabulum refers to the prominent posterior sucker at the extreme end of the body. In fact it forms a head-like structure, while the actual head is relatively small. It is a thick disc-shaped muscular system composed of circular, longitudinal and radial fibers.

Acetabulum literally means "a small saucer for vinegar".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Acetabulum literally means "a small saucer for vinegar". It is derived from two Latin words acetum, meaning "vinegar", and -bulum, a suffix denoting "saucer" or "vessel" or "bowl". The name is used because of the saucer-like structure in the invertebrates.

Wednesday 28 January 2015

Acetabulum (morphology).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(morphology)

Acetabulum /æsɨˈtæbjʊləm/ (plural acetabula) in invertebrate zoology is a saucer-shaped organ of attachment in some annelid worms (like leech) and flatworms. It is a specialised sucker for parasitic adaptation in trematodes by which the worms are able to attach on the host.

Hip joint. Lateral view. Acetabulum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum


Hip joint. Lateral view. Acetabulum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum


Acetabulum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum


Structures surrounding right hip-joint.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum


Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum